This week the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC Committee) published its Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth reports of Australia (Advance Unedited Version) (CRC/C/AUS/CO/5-6) (2019 CRC Concluding Observations), which it adopted on 30 September 2019, in relation to the CRC Committee’s review of the combined fifth and sixth periodic report of Australia on the implementation of its international human rights obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

The review of Australia was undertaken during the 2402nd and 2403rd meetings of the CRC Committee held in Geneva last month and, in addition to Australia’s State Party report and the report from the Australian Human Rights Commission, the CRC Committee also considered submissions from many civil society organisations, including All Means All.

All Means All welcomes the 2019 CRC Concluding Observations and hopes that Australia will be guided by them in ensuring the human rights of all children, including children with disabilities.

Notably in relation to the education of children with disabilities, the 2019 CRC Concluding Observations recommend as follows:

“43. (c) Ensure that all children with disabilities have access to inclusive education in mainstream schools, are provided with the support needed, and address cases of restraint and seclusion.”

The Committee also made many other recommendations in relation to the right of all children as well as recommendations that emphasise the rights of children with disabilities, in respect of the following matters:

• data collection (paragraph 11(e));
• access to services and non-discrimination (paragraph 19(a));
• meaningful and empowered participation within the family, community and schools (paragraph 22(d));
• right to freedom of expression (paragraph 25);
• access to online information through making available audio description and captioning (paragraph 27(b));
• violence including sterilization of girls with disabilities without their prior, fully informed and free consent(paragraph 30(g));
• prevention of maltreatment and abuse of children with disabilities in care (paragraph 34(e));
• NDIS eligibility criteria and the types of support covered, and ensuring the NDIS has the necessary human, technical and financial resources for its optimal and timely implementation (paragraph 35(a));
• stigmatization of and prejudice against children with disabilities (paragraph 35(b));
• disparity in health status (paragraph 36);
• delivery of mental health services (paragraph 38(b));
• disability discrimination in immigration (paragraph 45(g)); and
• over-representation and detention of children with disabilities in the justice system (paragraph 48(g)).

You can read the Concluding Observations of the CRC Committee in full here.

All Means All has prepared a Fact Sheet on Inclusive Education for the United Nations Review of the Combined Second and Third Periodic Report of Australia – Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.  It is based on our submission to this process, which you can read here.

The review is taking place in September during the 22nd Session of the Committee and will be attended by delegates from Australia including All Means All.

You can view and print the Fact Sheet in accessible PDF here.

The Inclusive Education Policy for Queensland’s public schools (Queensland Policy) adopted by the Queensland Education Department following the review of education for students with disability in Queensland State schools by Deloitte Access Economics (2017) (Deloite Review), commits the Department to “continuing our journey towards a more inclusive education system at all levels” guided by the applicable international human rights principles.  The Queensland Policy has been welcomed as a strong step in the right direction and a genuine effort to improve outcomes for students with disabilities and address the key criticisms and recommendations of the Deloitte Review.

Assistant Director General Deborah Dunstone (Disability and Inclusion Branch) who described it as “probably the best work I’ve done in my career” at a QUT education event in 2018 (watch video  here), emphasised that in developing the Queensland Policy, “having to define [inclusive education] and be really clear about it from a system point of view was critical”.

Consistently with General Comment No. 4 (2016) to Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities (UN CRPD) which was ratified by Australia in 2008, and Sustainable Development Goal No. 4 in the 2030 Agenda, the new Policy provides:

“Inclusive education means that students can access and fully participate in learning, along-side their similar-aged peers, supported by reasonable adjustments and teaching strategies tailored to meet their individual needs.  …

Inclusive education differs from the following approaches and practices in significant ways:

…

Segregation – students learn in separate environments, designed or used to respond to their particular needs or impairment, in isolation from other students.”

General Comment No. 4, which provides the most authoritative guidance to governments on their obligations to students with disabilities under international human rights law, further states that:

• “The right to non-discrimination includes the right not to be segregated and to be provided with reasonable accommodation” [para 13];
• Progressive realization means that State parties have a specific and continuing obligation “to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible” towards the full realization of article 24.  This is not compatible with sustaining two systems of education: mainstream and special/segregated education systems.”  [para 39]; and
• “The [UN CRPD] Committee urges State parties [including Australia] to achieve a transfer of resources from segregated to inclusive environments.” [para 68]

However, less than a year after the Queensland Policy’s launch and months after the Queensland Government’s commitment to a human rights approach through the passage of the Human Rights Act 2019, Grace Grace, the Minister appointed to the Education portfolio in the second term of the Palaszczuk Government, has announced in Parliament new budgetary allocations that deliberately preference segregated education of students with disabilities and has praised an increase in segregated settings for students with disabilities.  This not only runs counter to the Queensland Government’s policy commitment, but also breaches the principle of “progressive realisation” of UN CRPD Article 24 General Comment No. 4 and further represents an impermissible deliberate retrogressive measure that must be immediately addressed.

At a Budget Estimates Committee hearing on 1 August 2019, the Minister stated as follows.

“Ms GRACE: The Palaszczuk government has a proven track record of supporting school students with a disability. I am proud that this budget continues that support. The budget includes a four-year $136.2 million funding boost to provide additional teachers and teacher aides in state school special education services across Queensland. The number of students with a disability enrolled in Queensland schools is growing.

I remember opening a new school extension—a beautiful new building—on the Sunshine Coast. One family there came from northern New South Wales. They had moved to Queensland and they said that the provision of education for their daughter at that special school on the Sunshine Coast was second to none and absolutely amazing. They were beaming about the manner in which their daughter was growing because of the education our special schools deliver every single day. I take my hat off to those teachers and teacher aides who work in this area and do a wonderful job. That is one example of many.

We are investing in facilities in special schools. The quality of education is fantastic. We are looking forward to employing an additional 150 teachers and 90 teacher aides next year alone in order to give our students the special support they need.

The numbers are increasing greater than in the mainstream. We will have a four per cent increase over the next five years compared with around 1.5 per cent in the mainstream. There is a growth in that area.

The budget includes facilities such as a new special school to open in 2021 at Palmview on the Sunshine Coast and completion of construction of a new secondary special school at Caboolture, opening in term 1 of 2020. I was very proud to visit with the local member, Minister Mark Ryan, a couple of weeks ago to see the progress of that school. It will be state-of-the-art for its students. The school will welcome up to 160 year 7 to 12 students in term 1 of 2020. It will be a game changer for the Caboolture community. Well done there.”

All Means All has been concerned for some time that, unlike her predecessor Kate Jones who oversaw the Deloitte Review and the development of the Queensland Policy, this Education Minister does not appear to understand  or support her own Government’s policy setting, which she has rarely acknowledged since her appointment to the role.  Indeed, to be proud of increased investment in segregated education and the “quality” of segregated education in Queensland as “fantastic”, evidences a failure to recognise not only the direction in the Queensland Policy but the clear statements by the UN that segregation of children with disabilities is a human rights issue and constitutes discrimination against them.

The Minister’s position also flies in the face of over 40 years of research that strongly and consistently evidences that segregated education is not beneficial – or safe – for students with disabilities.  Indeed, the national Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse recognised in its Final Report in 2017, and in the research it commissioned, that segregation, including in education, is a ‘setting-based risk factor’ that heightens risk of abuse of children with disabilities.

The issue of the increase in segregation of Australian students with disabilities is expected to be examined by the UN later this year during its review of Australia’s report on compliance with the UN CRPD.  The issue was also raised by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the course of its 2017 consideration of the fifth periodic report of Australia on its implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, when it asked Australia to explain “evidence of a rise in segregated education’ and recommended in its Concluding Observations that Australia take “effective steps to ensure that children with disabilities, including those with cognitive impairments, can access inclusive education”.

It is also deeply disappointing that the Minister has sought to perpetuate the myth that parents of children with disabilities want their children to be segregated, without acknowledging the “gatekeeping” and other systemic failures that drive them out of the general education system in the first place, including because of budgetary allocations that preference segregation.

As noted by delegates during the sessions for the drafting of Article 24 of the UN CRPD in rejecting segregated “parallel” models of education, “segregated education is in fact a false choice enforced by lack of resources and access to support”.

We call on Minister Grace and Premier Palaszczuk to confirm their support for Queensland’s Inclusive Education Policy, and encourage the Queensland Government to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible to transfer resources from segregated to inclusive environments as is required of governments bound by the UN CRPD.

Submission

Combined Second and Third Periodic Report of Australia – United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

26 July 2019

All Means All – The Australian Alliance for Inclusive Education

Endorsed by Disabled People’s Organisations Australia (DPOA), Children and Young People With Disability Australia (CYDA) and Inclusion International.

 

 

Click the PDF icon to READ and PRINT.  

 

Also available in PLAIN ENGLISH format. 

Coming after recent media attention on the increasing segregation in NSW of “gifted” students based on selective academic streaming, the Australian Journal of Human Rights (produced by the Australian Human Rights Centre  at the University of NSW) has published an article that critically analyses recent policy developments in NSW that will increase the segregation of students with disabilities.

NSW, perhaps more than any other state of Australia, is presiding over an increasingly vertically stratified and segregated education system based upon “intellectual” expectations  and implicit prejudice.

The article concludes that the growing segregation of students with disabilities in NSW amounts to a significant breach of their fundamental human right to an inclusive education under international human rights law.  Further, it provides much-needed analysis of relevant legislation and government policy in light of Australia’s legal obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which was ratified by Australia in 2008.

The authors, Emily Cukalevski (from the Centre for Disability Law and Policy, National University of Ireland, Galway and a former associate to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) and Catia Malaquias (a lawyer and co-founder of All Means All), analysed Article 24 of the CRPD, especially in light of the CRPD Committee’s guidance in General Comment No.4 and General Comment No.6.

They specifically considered the meaning of “inclusive education” and noted that special schools, special units co-located in mainstream school grounds and special classes in mainstream schools are each forms of “segregation” that are incompatible with inclusive education.  General Comment No.4 defines “segregation” as the provision of education to students with disabilities “in separate environments designed or used to respond to a particular impairment or to various impairments, in isolation from students without disabilities”. They authors further consider the implications of the CRPD Committee’s guidance that segregation is disability-specific discrimination and the right to non-discrimination includes the right not to be segregated.

The authors also critically analysed the development of the NSW Government’s policy position and its genesis in a recent report of the NSW Parliament into the education of students with disabilities. Despite the report’s overall intent seemingly being in line with the core purpose of Article 24, it established a flawed foundation for NSW’s policy as it misconceived inclusive education and consequently concluded that segregated settings and a policy of inclusion are not “mutually exclusive ideals”.  Unfortunately, as the authors have identified, this conclusion is inconsistent with the report’s own definition of inclusive education, as well as the CRPD’s guidance.

The authors have concluded that the NSW Government’s current policy, and in particular its commitment to increase “support class establishments … at a greater rate than general enrolment growth”, not only contravenes Article 24 but also amounts to deliberate and impermissible retrogression under the CRPD:

“[T]he plan to increase segregated support classes is an unjustified retrogressive measure. It is a deliberate policy decision that is designed to reverse the progress made towards realising an inclusive education system in NSW. It directly targets learners with disabilities and diverts funding and resources away from inclusive education measures; where funds could be used to support students with disabilities in regular classes, they will now be deployed to deliver a greater level of segregated education to those students in support classes. This decision has not been justified on the basis of limited resources or an economic crisis and it is not intended to be temporary. Rather, it has been justified on a misconception of inclusive education itself and on a skewed understanding of student ‘needs’.”

The article also notes that while a decade has passed since ratification of the CRPD, Australia does not have an overarching national inclusive education strategy.  The Australian Government is obliged to ensure that Article 24 is implemented without limitations or exceptions in all parts of the country.  The absence of a national commitment to inclusive education has contributed to compromising and delaying the realisation of the human rights of Australian students with disabilities across Australia’s States and Territories:

“The lack of a strong national framework has provided space for the NSW Government to commit to measures that are not only inconsistent with Article 24 but also amount to an impermissible retrogression under the CRPD. It has also led to concerning jurisdictional divergences.”

The authors end with a call for the Australian Government to drive the systemic and cultural change that is required to realise inclusive education consistently across Australia – through the adoption of stronger national discrimination legislation and the provision of guidance and coordinated policy reform (including a national inclusive education strategy) – to ensure that all schools can become beacons in their communities for the inclusion of people with disabilities.

You can download the published article here (download fee may apply).  Alternatively you can view the authors’ manuscript here.

 

27 February 2019

All Means All – The Australian Alliance for Inclusive Education is saddened but not surprised that yet another story of abuse of students with disabilities has come to light, in this case involving serious allegations of physical and verbal abuse of a 5 year-old student with Down syndrome in a segregated special unit co-located with a mainstream government school in New South Wales.  Unfortunately, we know from our work with families that for many students with disabilities, abuse in our schools is a pervasive and devastating reality.

The story which aired on Channel 9’s “A Current Affair” program today, included audio recordings taken by the child’s parents after they suspected physical abuse but had their concerns dismissed.  We understand that they decided to approach the media after contacting the NSW Department of Education and feeling dissatisfied with the response and desperately concerned for their child.

“Students with disabilities, including the young student featured in the A Current Affair report, have the right to be safe from harm at school and to access a fully inclusive education in regular classrooms with their non-disabled peers, in the general education system.” said All Means All Chairperson, Gina Wilson-Burns.

While we know that entrenched prejudice, devaluation and ableist attitudes means that all students with disabilities across all educational settings are at increased risk of violence, abuse and neglect, we also know that segregation of students with disabilities, particularly intellectual disabilities, into separate classrooms and settings is a factor that materially heightens this risk.

This was identified in the Final Report of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse and in its published research, “Disability and child sexual abuse in institutional contexts”, which concluded that “[s]egregation and exclusion in closed institutional contexts away from public scrutiny leaves children (and adults) with disability at heightened risk of violence and harm including sexual abuse”, and noted the reduced oversight within segregated settings and the reduced capacity of children with cognitive disabilities to share concerns about abuse and neglect.

The right not to be segregated –  whether in special classes or units in mainstream schools or in special schools – and to access a quality inclusive education is encompassed in Article 24 of the  Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, to which Australia is a party.

A range of international human rights instruments including General Comment No. 4 (The Right to Inclusive Education) have made it clear that the segregation of students with disabilities  is a form of discrimination against them and that it is not compatible with their right to inclusive education under Article 24. For example paragraph 13 of General Comment No.4 states that “the right to non-discrimination includes the right not to be segregated and to be provided with reasonable accommodation”.

Research evidence over the last 40 years has also consistently found that students with disabilities benefit academically and socially from education in regular classrooms in the general education system. A 2008 review of comparative research found that “[n]o review could be found comparing segregation and inclusion that came out in favour of segregation in over forty years of research”. A  2017 comprehensive review of the research comprising 280 studies from 25 countries also found that inclusive education produced superior social and academic outcomes for all students and that academic and social outcomes for children in fully inclusive settings are without exception better than in segregated or partially segregated environments (e.g. special support units or classrooms).

“It’s time for governments across Australia to denounce the myth that ‘special’ segregated settings keep students with disabilities safe and are in their best interests, and to commit to real reform so that children with disabilities can be safe and fully included within the general education system. Safety comes with being valued, known and connected and that starts with being in the same classroom as all the other children.” said Ms Wilson Burns

All Means All calls on the Australian government to:

• immediately institute the announced Royal Commission into violence, abuse and neglect against people with disabilities, extending to the treatment of students with disabilities in our schools, across all settings; and
• unequivocally commit to systemic reform to implement a universally accessible, quality and fully inclusive education system in accordance with its international human rights obligations.

We also call on the NSW government to commit to genuine inclusive education reform, including by abandoning its policy decision to increase segregated support classes for students with disabilities as outlined in its response to the report of the NSW Legislative Council Portfolio Committee No.3 into “Education of students with a disability or special needs in New South Wales”:

“Support class establishments will increase in 2018 at a greater rate than general enrolment growth, consistent with trends in recent years.  The trend since 2012 is for the majority of new support classes to be established in mainstream schools.”

Increasing the segregation of students with disabilities – whether in separate classrooms in mainstream schools or other segregated settings – will not achieve an inclusive education system.

The answer lies in genuine systemic reform that begins with resource-allocation driven change, guided by a national inclusive education strategy.

We hope that the young student in the A Current Affair story and her family will overcome this traumatic experience, and that they receive the support they need to ensure their child can be safe at school and access a genuinely inclusive education experience, to which she is entitled.

All Means All – The Australian Alliance for Inclusive Education is a multi-stakeholder alliance working for the implementation of an inclusive education system and the removal of the legal, structural and attitudinal barriers that limit the rights of some students, including students with disabilities, to access an inclusive education in regular Australian classrooms.

You can visit our website for more information at www.allmeansall.org.au

For media queries contact hello@allmeansall.org.au

Submission

Human Rights Bill 2018 (Queensland)

Section 36 – Right to Education

26 November 2018

 All Means All – The Australian Alliance for Inclusive Education

View or download PDF Submission here.

Introduction

1. All Means All is the Australian Alliance for Inclusive Education, a nationwide multi-stakeholder organisation working together to implement an inclusive education system and remove the legal, structural and attitudinal barriers that limit the rights of all students, including students with disabilities, to access full inclusive education in regular classrooms in Australian schools.
2. All Means All’s stakeholders include children, families, educators and academic experts in Queensland and around Australia.
3. All Means All congratulates the Government of Queensland on the introduction of the Human Rights Bill 2018 (the Bill) and thanks the Parliament of Queensland for the opportunity to make this submission.
4. This submission has been approved pursuant to board policy of All Means All.
5. It primarily considers the proposal by the Queensland government to protect the fundamental human right to education through proposed Section 36 of the Bill.
6. While we strongly support the express recognition of the human right to education in the Bill, in our view the proposed terms of Section 36 are insufficient and inappropriate and their application is likely to lead to perverse outcomes in violation of the human right to education for persons with disabilities.
7. In this regard, Section 36 of the Bill does not reflect the expression of the right to education as set out in relevant international treaties ratified by Australia, including Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), which is purported to be the source of the human right to education in Section 36 of the Bill (see Explanatory Note for the Bill).
8. Further, key elements of the right to education recognised and clarified in other relevant Conventions, namely the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) aimed at ensuring the realisation of the right to education for vulnerable groups, including students with disabilities, have not been reflected in Section 36 of the Bill.
9. Finally, we believe that the proposed wording in Section 36 (1) and (2) may have the unintended consequences of increasing discrimination in education against persons with disabilities, including in breach of the Commonwealth’s Disability Discrimination Act1992 (DDA), undermining the realisation of their right to education and leading to serious human rights violations.
10. Our detailed analysis is set out below.
11. In examining the relevant treaty texts and works of the treaty bodies, we have applied the rules of interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

Recommendations

12. Recommendation 1:That proposed Section 36 of the Bill be replaced with the following provision reflecting the intent of applicable international Conventions and domestic disability discrimination laws:

Right to education

(1)  Every person has the right to education without discrimination and on the basis of equality of opportunity.

(2)  To realise this right, every person has the right to access quality early childhood, primary and secondary school education, and further education and training that is accessible and inclusive of all.

13. Recommendation 2: That the Bill include a stand alone cause of action so that breaches of human rights can be heard before QCAT or the Supreme Court,
14. Recommendation 3: That the Bill ensure that people have access to an effective remedy, including by compensating them.

Overview of human right to education in international human rights law

15. The right to education has been recognised in a range of international human rights instruments applicable to Australia and its expression has evolved in the 70 years since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, first stated the universality of the right in Article 26:

‘Everyone has the right to education’

16. Subsequent international treaties have reaffirmed the right to education generally [1], with thematic treaties also addressing the right to education in relation to specific groups [2].
17. The right to education was first made into a binding international legal obligation by the ICESCR, which entered into force in 1976 and recognises that everyone has the right to education directed towards the full development of the human personality and its sense of dignity, and to strengthening respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Article 13(1) provides:

“The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to education. They agree that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.”

18. Article 13(2) of ICESCR provides some guidance on the realisation of the right to education and calls, among other things, for the provision of primary education that is “compulsory and available free toall” and for secondary education to be“made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education”.
19. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) further explains the right to education in its General Comment No.13. Notably, paragraph 6 of General Comment No.13 states that education should be available, accessible, acceptable, and adaptable. These concepts are explained to encompass the accessibility of education to all learners, its provision on the basis of non-discrimination and its acceptability in form, content, curricula, and overall substance. Further, education has to maintain adaptability to adjust to the changing and diverse needs of students; because education is a right, it must adapt to the learning needs of students – not the reverse.
20. While education is considered a cultural right, it is also related to many other human rights because the enjoyment and realisation of other rights is dependent on realisation of the right to education [3]. This relationship between the right to education and other rights illustrates the indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights:

“As an empowerment right, education is the primary vehicle by which economically and socially marginalized adults and children can … obtain the means to participate fully in their communities.” [4]

21. Articles 28 and 29 of the CRC, which entered into force in 1989, reflect the ICESCR principles primarily through the concepts of “equal opportunity” (Article 28(1)), “accessibility” (Article 28(1)(a), (b) and (c)) and more broadly “non-discrimination” (Article 2). Further, the CRC is the first international human rights treaty to include disability as a prohibited ground for discrimination (Article 2) and to explicitly recognise education for children with disabilities (Article 23).
22. Article 24 of the CRPD, which came into force 17 years after the CRC in 2006, provides the most up-to-date expression of the right to education and the fundamental principles that underpin it, such as “equality of opportunity” and “non-discrimination” and “accessibility”. It is also the first international treaty to expressly recognise that inclusive education is the means by which persons with disabilities realise their right to education, and to impose a legal obligation on State parties to ensure an inclusive education system at all levels, with a correspondent right to inclusive education.
23. Article 24.1 of the CRPD provides as follows:

“States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to education. With a view to realizing this right without discriminationand on the basis of equal opportunity, States Parties shall ensure an inclusive education systemat all levels and lifelong learning directed to:

(a)  The full development of human potential and sense of dignity and self-worth, and the strengthening of respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and human diversity;

(b)  The development by persons with disabilities of their personality, talents and creativity, as well as their mental and physical abilities, to their fullest potential;

(c)  Enabling persons with disabilities to participate effectively in a free society.” 

24. Article 24.2 of the CRPD requires that “reasonable accommodation of the individual’s requirements is provided” and that “persons with disabilities receive the support required, within the general education system, to facilitate their effective education”.
25. It is worth noting that the Queensland Government’s newly released “Inclusive Education Policy”adopts key concepts from General Comment No.4 (Right to Inclusive Education), the guidance text issued by the Committee on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities (CRPD Committee) explaining the requirements of Article 24.
26. In our view and consistently with the fundamental principles underlying the expression of the universal human right to education under international human rights law applicable to Australia, Section 36 of the Bill should incorporate the concepts of freedom from discrimination, equality of opportunity, accessibility andinclusive education. In this regard, section 22 of the DDA prohibits discrimination on the grounds of disability in the context of education.
27. The proposed qualification in Section 36 of the Bill to education being “appropriate to the child’s needs” is not present in the expression of the right to education under the applicable human rights instruments, whether generally or in the context of specific groups or themes.
28. Our strong concern is that this language is likely to encourage discrimination against students with disabilities in particular, and undermine the realisation of their human right to inclusive education. In our view, it is not appropriate to adopt this language in Section 36 of the Bill as there is nothing in Article 13 of ICESCR or beyond, that supports its use.
29. While we cannot be certain of the source of the term “appropriate to the child’s needs” and the wording in Section 36 of the Bill in general, we are concerned that this is intended to reflect the concept of “free and appropriate public education” (FAPE) under the domestic law of the United States of America, adopted by Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and Americans with Disabilities Act.
30. It is worth noting that unlike Australia, the United States of America has never ratified the CRC or the CRPD and its domestic laws do not seek to adopt those treaties as part of its legal framework for education. 

“Appropriate to the child’s needs” undermines right to inclusive education

31. We believe that the adoption of the term “appropriate to the child’s needs” in Section 36 of the Bill is likely to:

(a)  perpetuate discriminatory treatment and inequality based upon the segregation of students with disabilities; and

(b)  “justify” explicit and implicit prejudice in educational administration in qualifying the concepts of “non-discrimination”, “full participation” and “equality of opportunity”,

and thereby has great potential to undermine the right of children, particularly children with disabilities to education, which is to be understood as at right to inclusive education in regular (non-segregated) settings (see Article 24 of the CRPD and General Comment No. 4 – Right to Inclusive Education) [5].

32. We note that following the public release of the Bill, we were contacted by many parents of children with disabilities in Queensland expressing serious concerns about the terms of Section 36 and the words “appropriate to the child’s needs” and urging us to make a submission to this process. Some of the comments we received were:

“’Appropriate to your child’s needs’ is just another way we are told that they don’t want to meet our son’s needs in mainstream and that our son should be somewhere more ‘appropriate’ – in special school.”

“These are the words that people use against our children, to exclude them from mainstream.”

“We fought for a good Inclusive Education Policy and the government delivered it. These words go against that, some people will argue it gives them a right to segregate children.”

“If you don’t know how these words have been used to keep children with disabilities out of mainstream education then you don’t see the problem.”

“Our children have the right to be included and they have human rights. Let’s protect that by using the right words instead.” 

“My child’s needs are your child’s needs. All children have the same fundamental human needs but those needs may be met in different ways for different kids because we all diverse.  This is about making education that is accessible to everyone, so why aren’t we using the right words to say this?”

“Why are we even using American education laws for human rights?!! They haven’t even signed the human rights Conventions and they have huge problem of inequality. Thanks but no thanks.”

“My son has finished school now but speaking from experience, these words ‘appropriate to your child’s needs’ have never been our friends.” 

33. In particular, the denial to children with disabilities of their right to access general education and their placement in segregated educational settings is recognised by the CRPD Committee as a clear form of discrimination in education[6], one it has urged States Parties to immediately address in its anti-discrimination legislation.
34. This same concern was recognised by the CESCR on 31 May of 2017 in consideration of the fifth periodic report of Australia on its implementation of Article 13 of the ICESCR:

“Rodrigo Uprimny, Committee Expert and Co-Rapporteur for Australia: “As for persons with disabilities and inclusive education, there was evidence of a rise in segregated education. What measures was the Government taking to ensure inclusive education across the country? [7]”

35. Children with disabilities are a significantly marginalised group and despite the recognition of their fundamental human rights to education, including the right to inclusive education in the last decade, they continue to experience serious violations of their fundamental, consequent and associated human rights.
36. The reality of the experience for too many children with disabilities across Australia is that the education system remains resistant, both culturally and in terms of educational practice, to accommodating their full and effective participation and inclusion, particularly for students with intellectual, cognitive or sensory disabilities and for autistic students. This experience is due to discrimination and devaluation, isolation, lack of resources and supports and inflexible structures and approaches that operate as barriers for students with disabilities realising their right to inclusive education.
37. The proposed wording of “appropriate to their needs” in Section 36 of the Bill threatens to provide a qualification on the human right to education and thereby a justification for the adverse educational experiences of many Australian children, including in Queensland, and a basis for the persistence and growth of segregated settings.
38. These concerns are backed up by many Parliamentary and departmental inquiries across Australia, notably the 2017 review of education for students with disability in Queensland State schools by Deloitte Access Economics and the national 2016 Report by the Education and Employment References Committee of the Australian Senate into the impact of policy, funding and culture on students with disabilities.

Other issues

39. The specific wording “based on the person’s abilities” in sub-section (2) is also likely to lead to discriminatory outcomes for persons with disabilities potentially in breach of the DDA. Rather, access to further education should be guaranteed on the basis of equality of opportunity, without discrimination.
40. We also find the reference to “vocational”, as opposed to “further” education and training, to be outdated and inappropriate.

_________________________________________

[1] International Covenant on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965); International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (1966).

[2] See Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979); Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989); International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their families (1990); Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006).

[3] United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights Council Annual report of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commission and the Secretary-General. Thematic study on the right of persons with disabilities to education. A/HRC/25/29 (18 December 2013), para. 9

[4] Ibid.

[5] CRPD/C/GC/4, see https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRPD/C/GC/4&Lang=en

[6] Ibid, paragraphs 10, 12, 13 and 39. See also CRPD/C/GC/6 paragraph 64.

[7] See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21677&LangID=E

Submission

United Nations Human Rights Council resolution 37/20

Empowering children with disabilities for the enjoyment of their human rights, including through inclusive education

10 October 2018

 All Means All – The Australian Alliance for Inclusive Education

View or download PDF Submission here.

Introduction

1. All Means All is the Australian Alliance for Inclusive Education, a nationwide multi-stakeholder alliance working together to implement an inclusive education system and remove the legal, structural and attitudinal barriers that limit the rights of all students, including students with disabilities, to access full inclusive education in regular classrooms in Australian schools.
2. All Means All thanks the United Nations Human Rights Council for the opportunity to make this submission on the theme of “Empowering children with disabilities for the enjoyment of their human rights, including through inclusive education”.
3. Notwithstanding various initiatives and reform efforts at national and State level, Australia has on the whole failed to take effective steps to ensure the realisation of an inclusive education system at a systemic level and accordingly, to realise the rights of all students with disabilities to an inclusive education pursuant to its international human rights obligations and consistently with 4 decades of evidence supporting inclusive education for students with and without disabilities[1]. A rise in educational segregation of Australian students with disabilities in concurrence with the period since the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was ratified, corroborates this conclusion.
4. We believe that a lack of clarity and understanding among policy makers, educators and other relevant stakeholder about the meaning of “inclusive education”, in turn reflected at legal, policy and practice levels, and the failure of successive federal and State governments in Australia to provide for its comprehensive and positive implementation beyond limited anti-discrimination prohibitions, helps to explain the current contextual deficiencies for students with disabilities.
5. There are however positive examples of systemic transformation at the individual school level and new government policy formulations that seek to align with the principles enshrined in Article 24 of the CRPD. These example provide some promise towards the systemic transformation that is required to ensure the full realisation of the right of every child to education in a quality, universally accessible and inclusive education system.

Human right to inclusive education

6. The right of children with disabilities to inclusive education is a fundamental human right as recognised in various international human rights instruments and notably the CRPD (as further explained by General Comment No. 4 – Right to Inclusive Education)[2].
7. While there have been efforts to implement inclusive education around Australia with varying fidelity and success, the failure of successive Australian federal and State governments to pro-actively implement system-wide transformation as required by Article 24 of the CRPD and General Comment No.4, continues to mean that despite ratification of the CRPD many children with disabilities are still denied their basic right to inclusive education, in serious violation of their fundamental, consequent and associated human rights.
8. In particular, the current federal legal and policy framework has failed to support the realisation of the requirements of Article 24 within the education systems of Australia’s States and Territories and has supported (rather than regressed) the maintenance and continued investment in a “parallel system” of education in Australia, comprising separate segregated settings for students with disabilities (whether in “special” schools, co-located education support units or separate classrooms in general education schools) – this is a key factor undermining the implementation of inclusive education in Australia

The experience of Australian students with disabilities and their families

9. The reality for children with disabilities in Australia is that the education system remains resistant, both culturally and in terms of educational practice, to accommodating their full and effective participation and inclusion, particularly for students with intellectual, cognitive or sensory disabilities.
10. Despite the enactment of the Disability Discrimination Act1992 (Cth)[3](DDA) and the Disability Standards for Education 2005[4](the Standards), which apply in respect of all Australians with disabilities, the National Disability Strategy that commits to an inclusive Australia[5]and a range of policy statements at State and Territory level that purport to support inclusive education, the reality of the experience for too many children with disabilities in the Australian education system is frequently one of discrimination and devaluation, isolation, lack of resources and supports, denial of enrolment or other forms of “gatekeeping”[6], inadequately trained teachers, lack of expertise in inclusive practices and inflexible structures and approaches that operate as barriers.  Too often, students with disabilities experience practices that are not evidence-based, that isolate them and that result in a lower quality educational provision and consequently poor educational outcomes.
11. A recent study of over 900 families across Australia identified that a staggering 71% of those surveyed reported either “gatekeeping” or restrictive practices[7].
12. These concerns are backed up by many Parliamentary and departmental inquiries across Australia, notably the national 2016 Report by the Education and Employment References Committee of the Australian Senate into the impact of policy, funding and culture on students with disabilities[8].
13. It seems clear that the experiences of Australian students with disabilities are strongly characterised by systemic“integration”, “segregation” or “exclusion” – not “inclusive education”, as those terms are defined in paragraph 11 of General Comment No. 4.

Inconsistent policies governing education of students with disabilities  

14. Despite the many Parliamentary and departmental inquiries across Australia, the reports and responses that have followed in many cases have themselves been either insufficient or problematic. For example, theoutcomes of a review in New South Wales, Australia’s most populous State, has resulted in that State government’s adoption of a recommendation to increase the segregation of students with disabilities in “special classrooms (Recommendation 10),[9] undertaking that “support class establishments” will increase in 2018 at “a greater rate than general enrolment growth”.  Without a corresponding commitment to decreasing other forms of segregated education, this in fact represents an impermissible retrogressive measure in light of Australia’s obligations to ensure the full realisation of Article 24 of the CRPD.
15. In the case of other State and Territory reviews and policies adopted in light of them, many of the positions would seem to be inconsistentwith Article 24 and the guidance in General Comment No.4, as well as Article 5 and the guidance in General Comment No.6 (Equality and Non-Discrimination). A correct understanding and application of relevant concepts in inclusive education is critical to implementing a genuinely inclusive education system for children with disabilities to realise their human right to education.  In particular, initiatives that support the delivery of education services in education environments that separate or segregate students with disabilities cannot be characterised as “inclusive”.
16. In many cases, State policies have, deliberately or by omission, failed to articulate clear and appropriate definitions of “inclusive education” and often do not reflect awareness of the distinction between common educational practices that exclude, isolate and segregate students on the basis of disability and inclusive practices.  Too often the word “inclusive” is used as a euphemism for something that is implemented specifically for students with disabilities, including segregating measures.
17. A notable exception is the newly released Inclusive Education Policy[10] of the State of Queensland that adopts key definitions and concepts outlined in General Comment No.4 and documents “a commitment to continue to work towards a more inclusive state education system and the principles, which will guide that work”.

Insufficiency of legal framework to implement inclusive education  

18. Overall, Australian laws do not establish sufficiently robust legal frameworks in support of inclusive education for students with disabilities and this has resulted in States and Territories continuing to operate education systems that deny students with disabilities their fundamental human rights.
19. In theory, the right of all Australian children with disabilities to attend their local government schools is a right protected by the DDA[11] (and the Standards) which seek to reflect Australia’s international law obligations under the CRPD.  As a matter of Australian Constitutional law, the Australian Government derives its power to enact laws relating to the education of students with disabilities and with which State jurisdictions must comply, through its ratification of the CRPD.
20. However, neither the DDA nor the Standards mention “inclusive education” or seek to provide for positive steps to implement inclusive education at a systemic level as required by Article 24 of the CRPD, beyond the limited prohibition of specific forms of discrimination and the provision of individual rather than systemic remedies.
21. Briefly, under the DDA a school or other education authority is not permitted to discriminate on the grounds of disability:

– in deciding an application for admission;

– in the terms or conditions on which it is prepared to admit a student (e.g. by requiring higher fees or accepting payment of the cost of an education assistant or aide);

– by denying or limiting a student’s access to any benefit provided by the school (e.g. excursions, sports or extra curricular activities and areas of the school);

– by expelling a student;

– by developing curriculum content that will exclude a student from participation; or

– by subjecting a student to any other detriment.

22. An exception to the prohibition on discrimination exists in cases of “unjustifiable hardship”.
23. While the Standards are required to be reviewed for their effectiveness every 5 years and the CRPD Committee has on various occasions, including in the course of Australia’s last periodic report review by the CRPD Committee in 2013, raised concern about their effectiveness, the most recent formal review in 2015 has not resulted in any updates.
24. Of particular concern, the key definition of “reasonable adjustment” in the Standards is materially inconsistent with the equivalent concept in Article 24 of the CRPD, as explained in General Comment No. 4 and General Comment No.6, and must be addressed as a matter of urgency.
25. Importantly, the DDA provides no guidance in respect of segregation of children with disabilities and in fact expressly exempts as permissible, the segregated delivery of services to persons with disabilities[12].
26. However, a range of international human rights instruments have made it clear that the segregation of students with disabilities is a form of discrimination against them and that it is not compatible with their right to inclusive education. For example:

– General Comment No.4 provides in paragraph 10 that “Segregation occurs when the education of students with disabilities is provided in separate environments designed or used to respond to a particular or various impairments, in isolation from students without disabilities”;

– Paragraph 12 of General Comment No.4 speaks of “ending segregation within educational settings by ensuring inclusive classroom teaching in accessible learning environments with appropriate supports” and calls for inclusive education to be “monitored and evaluated on a regular basis to ensure that segregation or integration is not happening either formally or informally”.

– Paragraph 13 of General Comment No.4 states that “the right to non-discrimination includes the right not to be segregated and to be provided with reasonable accommodation”;

– General Comment No.6 states at paragraph 64 that “segregated models of education, which exclude students with disabilities from mainstream and inclusive education on the basis of disability, contravene articles 5(2) and 24(1)(a)”; and

– Paragraph 39 of General Comment No.4 makes it clear that the full realization of Article 24 “is not compatible with sustaining two systems of education: mainstream and special/segregated education systems”and consistently with this, paragraph 68 calls for “a transfer of resources from segregated to inclusive environments”.

27. Despite clear guidance from relevant treaty bodies that the segregation of students with disabilities – whether in “specialist classes or units in mainstream schools and specialist schools” – is not a legitimate modality to deliver education to students with disabilities and that progressive realisation of an inclusive education system is not compatible with the preservation of and continued investment in segregated education models, in the decade since ratification of the CRPD, educational segregation of students with disabilities has in fact proportionately increased in Australia[13].
28. This concern was also recognised by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on 31 May of 2017 in consideration of the fifth periodic report of Australia on its implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR):

“Rodrigo Uprimny, Committee Expert and Co-Rapporteur for Australia: “As for persons with disabilities and inclusive education, there was evidence of a rise in segregated education. What measures was the Government taking to ensure inclusive education across the country?[14]”

Use of “parental choice” to justify segregation

29. The superficial use of “parental choice” by Australia’s governments and education systems to justify their failure to move towards an inclusive education system and discard segregation models for the delivery of education to students with disabilities remains a significant barrier to the implementation of inclusive education.
30. General Comment No.4 provides a clear statement that inclusive education is to be understood as, amongst other things:

“a fundamental human right of all learners – notably, education is the right of the individual learner and parental responsibilities in regard to the education of a child are subordinate to the rights of the child” [paragraph 10].

31. While it is recognised that it is parents who should determine, in the first instance, what is in their child’s best interests, in our view it is not legitimate for governments to continue to invest in segregated education to protect choice of a discriminatory mode of delivering education to students with disabilities, over a child’s fundamental human rights to inclusive education. Just as the “parental choice” argument cannot today be relied upon to support parents’decisions not to educate girls or to choose that girls should not be taught academic subjects, “parental choice” should not justify placing a child in a segregated setting – both being impermissible educational discrimination.
32. We further note in this context that the segregation of students with disabilities is not a choice in the nature of the cultural or religious preferences or beliefs sought to be protected by Article 13 of the ICESCR, for example. Further, it must be recalled that children themselves are “active rights holder[s] who [are] increasingly able to exercise those rights as they develop,  given proper guidance and direction”[15].
33. As such, the principle of “parental choice” must be applied within, and not in spite of, the human rights framework – a framework that recognises that it is through inclusive education that the fundamental right to education is realised by persons with disabilities and that educational segregation is a form of impermissible discrimination.
34. In any event, the fallacy of “parental choice” in this context is evident when you consider the consistent finding across Australia, in the Australian Senate’s review, various State and Territory reviews as well as significant research undertaken across Australia, that students with disabilities and their families experience widespread discrimination and unconscionable “gatekeeping” (see explanation above) in trying to access and seeking appropriate support in the general education system. The practice of “gatekeeping”, whether deliberate or not, compromises a parent’s free and informed choice, not to mention the child’s rights to access the general education system.
35. The continued “leakage” of students with disabilities from the general education schooling system to the segregated “special” system is reflective of the failure of Australian governments to progress inclusive education and to adequately support students with disabilities in the general system.That failure cannot be properly characterised as legitimate parent-driven “demand” for segregated schooling, thereby releasing the Australian Government’s from its obligation to fully implement Article 24 and to continue to consume valuable resources in maintaining a parallel segregated system for students with disabilities.

Case Study: Thuringowa State High School – Demonstrating Systemic Transformation to Implement Inclusive Education

36. Despite the deficiencies of legal and policy frameworks, some schools in Australia have worked to implement systemic transformation to deliver inclusive education to all their students.
37. While there are various examples of schools around Australia, we note the recent journey at Thuringowa State School in Queensland, which closed down its segregated unit for students with disabilities and implemented school-wide inclusive education for all their students guided by the CRPD and General Comment No. 4[16]:

“Throughout 2015, Thuringowa SHS implemented a deliberate and gradual roll out of their Inclusive Schooling model. To begin with, they invested heavily in developing staff capacity in Years 7 and 8, and with pre-existing Special Education staff. They engaged in an action research project focused on Co-teaching and Differentiation which saw the development of a weekly Professional Learning Community to build capability. They engaged in regular cycles of inquiry, tracking data, and ironing out problems of practice as they arose. They sought feedback from parents, students, staff, and broader Department representatives and continued to evolve their practice.

Over the course of 2016 Thuringowa SHS scaled their capacity, and utilised their lessons learnt to impact classroom practices across all year levels and to develop and implement further operational policies and procedures. This resulted in the eradication of the temporary integration responses, and greater emphasis on not only access and participation, but on social and curriculum outcomes as well. The former Special Education Program/Unit was entirely disbanded.

In 2017 the model reached its intended representation.

– All students are welcomed at enrolment, and parents and students are supported to engage with and undertake enrolment procedures. Students are timetabled into heterogeneous classes, and students with a disability are proportionally placed across all classes in the Year level.

– Students are provided access to year level curriculum that is supported by quality, differentiated teaching and learning processes. Students requiring access to alternate year level junctures do so with the support of a unique curriculum alignment process which sees the variation in complexity of content descriptors and achievement standards being matched to regular, year level units of work – resulting in rigorous, full participation and engagement with age appropriate contexts within the general education classroom 100% of the time.

– Explicit Instruction, cooperative learning, peer tutoring, and station teaching methods are regular pedagogical approaches. Learning environments are organised and managed to be accessible by all, and teachers adopt a variety of strategies to support attention and sensory regulation. Positive Behaviour for Learning is implemented school-wide.

– Teachers and students are supported through the appointment of authentic Co-teaching partnerships that result in two teachers being assigned to one, regular sized class, with both having complete parity over the educational experiences of all students in the room. Teacher aide appointments from various allocations are pooled, and disseminated to support the classroom teacher and the whole class; not individual or marginal groups of students.

– Students are seated sporadically within classes and not clustered together based on ability. Labels are not used to describe students, and students no longer receive ongoing, Special Education Case Management. Classroom teachers are the experts on student performance in their particular contexts; and in collaboration with support staff and parents they identify what supports and strategies work best and modify these through ongoing, real-time analysis of student response and performance.

– Blanket strategies that are based on perception and past performance are no longer supported. The micromanagement of a student’s every move is non-existent, adult proximity has been removed, and Special Education staff are no longer the gate keepers of information, communication, or intervention.

– Investment in maintaining inclusive culture and its shared beliefs and understandings occurs through regular professional development, and through regular highlighting and sharing of best practice by members of staff. Staff capacity is supported through the application of Instructional Coaching – a job-embedded, highly responsive form of professional learning that focuses on building quality teaching and learning through the application of inclusive principles and practices.

– The School Improvement Hierarchy from the current Every Student Succeeding – State School Strategy is used in combination with a Circle of Practice as a means of recognising current successful practice, and as a guide on what needs to happen next in the inclusive school improvement journey – this has the school aiming for the target of at least 90% of people, 90% of the time. Components of the Inclusive Schooling model can also be found within the school’s Strategic Plan and subsequent Annual Implementation Plans.

Thuringowa SHS’s goal is that when entering a classroom you cannot tell which students are students with disability, or which staff members are employed under the Special Education banner; by this it is meant that supports are effective, but as invisible as possible, and that there are no special students, no special staff, no special curriculum, and no special places.”

38. The school was recently featured in a video on the website of the Queensland Department of Education: https://mediasite.eq.edu.au/mediasite/Play/e168a50e606440b18636e5b8fe0379071d
39. We encourage closer analysis of promising examples such as Thuringowa that go beyond inclusion being implemented at a classroom level and also explore how systemic transformation can occur in “dual models”, where the two existing parallel systems are effectively merged to create a single, universally accessible and inclusive education system.
40. Finally, we would like to note the international video campaign “Lea Goes To School” #IncludeUsFromTheStart and supporting website developed for World Down Syndrome Day 2018 with the participation of organisations from around the world including All Means All, and the patronage of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons With Disabilties, Ms Catalina Devandas, in promotion of the human right to inclusive education: includeusfromthestart.com

______________________________

Endnotes

[1]See for example the comprehensive review of research “A summary of the Evidence in Inclusive Education“ (2016), by Dr. Thomas Hehir, Silvana and Christopher Pascucci Professor of Practice in Learning Differences at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and Abt Associates and the 2008 comprehensive analysis of the available research by Dr Robert Jackson,, “Inclusion or Segregation for children with an Intellectual Impairment: What does the evidence say?”.

[2]CRPD/C/GC/4, see https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRPD/C/GC/4&Lang=en

[3]See http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/management.nsf/current/bytitle/2CEDE1C513E5D87ACA256F710006F23F?OpenDocument&mostrecent=1

[4]See http://www.education.gov.au/disability-standards-education

[5]The Strategy states: “The shared vision is for an inclusive Australian society that enables people with disability to fulfil their potential as equal citizens.”

[6]Gatekeeping” is an unconscionable practice and refers to the formal and informal discouragement of enrolment and attendance of students with disabilities by local mainstream schools, as identified in 2016 Report by the Education and Employment References Committee of the Australian Senate into the impact of policy, funding and culture on students with disability.

[7]See https://allmeansall.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/TIES-4.0-20172.pdf

[8]See http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Education_and_Employment/students_with_disability/Report

[10]See http://ppr.det.qld.gov.au/pif/policies/Documents/Inclusive-education-policy.pdf

[11]See http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/management.nsf/current/bytitle/2CEDE1C513E5D87ACA256F710006F23F?OpenDocument&mostrecent=1

[12]See section 45 of the DDA exempting discrimination in the provision of facilities or services, including in relation to, education to meet “special needs”, although it also seeks to limit this where discrimination “is not necessary for implementing the measure”.  As we understand it, segregation has never been challenged on the basis of “necessity”.

[13]Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2013. Schools Australia. View at: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4221.02013showing that between 1999-2013, there was an increase in special schools of 17% Australia

[14]See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21677&LangID=E

[15]CRC/C/GC/21, para 35, see https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGC%2f21&Lang=en

[16]Read more at https://school-inclusion.com/inclusion-in-action/thuringowa-shs-journey/

[Cover photo © UNHRC]

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